After using a series of apt-get upgrade and apt-get install in order to avoid using dist-upgrade, I was able to perform all of the installs/removals/upgrades without causing the problem with user authentication.
Very similar reports are starting to show up on AskUbuntu. It seems that doing the dist-upgrade or partial upgrade through the GUI is somehow causing the problem.
After using a series of apt-get upgrade and apt-get install in order to avoid using dist-upgrade, I was able to perform all of the installs/ removals/ upgrades without causing the problem with user authentication.
Very similar reports are starting to show up on AskUbuntu. It seems that doing the dist-upgrade or partial upgrade through the GUI is somehow causing the problem.