Your screenshot corroborates the fact that mic boost is zeroed, which generally results in very quiet or inaudible capture:
Simple mixer control 'Mic Boost',0
Capabilities: volume penum
Playback channels: Front Left - Front Right
Capture channels: Front Left - Front Right
Limits: 0 - 3
Front Left: 0 [0%] <---
Front Right: 0 [0%] <---
You actually need to set the slider to 100% or higher.
Your screenshot corroborates the fact that mic boost is zeroed, which generally results in very quiet or inaudible capture:
Simple mixer control 'Mic Boost',0
Capabilities: volume penum
Playback channels: Front Left - Front Right
Capture channels: Front Left - Front Right
Limits: 0 - 3
Front Left: 0 [0%] <---
Front Right: 0 [0%] <---
You actually need to set the slider to 100% or higher.