Comment 2 for bug 1222654

I had a similar problem, it quit the install because the tiny terminal screen from the update window from the software center didn't have enough room for the license (I saw a message about the terminal not being big enough briefly). Editing /var/lib/dpkg/status (via sudo), removing the ttf-mscorefonts-installer section entirely, and then sudo apt-get install ttf-mscorefonts-installer in a "normal-sized" terminal window.
Note that when the license agreement comes up, you have to scroll down and look at the whole thing before the < OK > button becomes activated, it took a minute or two to figure that out (sometimes I'm slow).
Can't say if the size of the terminal screen when you installed it was the root cause (not 100% it was for me, but probably was), but that may be a legitimate bug for the package, that it is expecting a terminal minimum size and quitting in a half installed state.