The bug appears when switching from kernel version 4.9.0-3-amd64 to 4.9.0-4-amd64, and is still present when I try 4.9.0-5-amd64.
Downgrading to 4.9.0-3-amd64 worked around the issue.
The bug appears when switching from kernel version 4.9.0-3-amd64 to 4.9.0-4-amd64, and is still present when I try 4.9.0-5-amd64.
Downgrading to 4.9.0-3-amd64 worked around the issue.