Comment 5 for bug 1726818

The attached /var/log/cloud-init.log has 2 boots in it.
One starts at 14:15:18 (line 1) and one starting at 14:21:17,808 (line 719).

The first boot successfully updated the partition table for /dev/sda
so that the first partition (/dev/sda1) took the whole ~ 10G disk.

  2017-10-24 14:15:33,338 - cc_growpart.py[INFO]: '/' resized: changed (/dev/sda, 1) from 2359296000 to 10736352768
then cloud-init runs 'resize2fs /dev/sda1' and gets which exited with
exit code 1 and prints the following to stderr.
 resize2fs: Remote I/O error While checking for on-line resizing support

The second boot finds that there is no need for growpart to run (NOCHANGE)
But it stil calls 'resize2fs /dev/sda1', and that fails the same way.

So, good news is this looks like it is recreatable.
I suspect you can see the same error just by running:
  sudo resize2fs /dev/sda1

Bad news is that I'm not sure what could be going wrong.

Could you collect a 'dmesg' output?