Comment 8 for bug 1079011

(Sorry about the repeated questions: that's the nature of debugging a problem that only happens on hardware I don't have.)

That looks like either a bad GLcontext (at the error location it is only looking at this internal structure, not the objects to be drawn), or an attempt to use VBO (an OpenGL 1.5 feature) on an OpenGL 1.2 card.

Can you try this, preferably in a terminal with unlimited scrollback (Edit > Profile Preferences > Scrolling) as there may be a lot of output:
$ sudo apt-get install libqt4-dbg mesa-utils
$ glxinfo
$ gdb --args stellarium
(gdb) run
[wait for crash, Alt+Tab back to terminal]
[all this is at the (gdb) prompt, writing it without prompts so you can cut and paste it]
set pagination 0
thread apply all bt full
frame 9
print *ctx
print *nctx
frame 10
print *vbo
print *exec