As discussed, the system had gotten into a very strange state before the prior logs were attached. I booted the OS X installer disc, "erased" the drive, and re-ran debian-installer. I ran the manual partitioner to verify the format was similar to that I experienced in my first attempt to install, which it was (so the system should be restorable to this point repeatedly). I then tried to reformat the hfs+ parition for LVM, which failed. More logs attached.
As discussed, the system had gotten into a very strange state before the prior logs were attached. I booted the OS X installer disc, "erased" the drive, and re-ran debian-installer. I ran the manual partitioner to verify the format was similar to that I experienced in my first attempt to install, which it was (so the system should be restorable to this point repeatedly). I then tried to reformat the hfs+ parition for LVM, which failed. More logs attached.