Comment 25 for bug 1961508

I'm experiencing the same bug on Ubuntu 22.04. I have found a semi-workaround: moving the dock to the other side of the screen and back fixes the positions of all the windows, and this can be done quickly with a custom keyboard shortcut that executes the following script:

#!/bin/bash
gsettings set org.gnome.shell.extensions.dash-to-dock dock-position 'RIGHT'
sleep 1
gsettings set org.gnome.shell.extensions.dash-to-dock dock-position 'LEFT'

(make sure you make the script executable and then just use the script's path in the "Command" field in Custom Shortcuts)

Of course this is still super annoying as it requires manual intervention every time you unlock the screen, but it's still much better than having to manually fix the position of *each* window.