Not exactly the same error message as in widely-impacting bug 1607535, but almost, and judging by the attachments to your bug report, your version of package apt-transport-https is < 1.2.19. Please update this package (and other apt packages, for good measure) to 1.2.19, and retry (reinstall ttf-mscorefonts-installer). Chances are it's the same bug, fixed in apt-transport-https 1.2.19.
Not exactly the same error message as in widely-impacting bug 1607535, but almost, and judging by the attachments to your bug report, your version of package apt-transport-https is < 1.2.19. Please update this package (and other apt packages, for good measure) to 1.2.19, and retry (reinstall ttf-mscorefonts -installer) . Chances are it's the same bug, fixed in apt-transport-https 1.2.19.