This looks like the important part from the logs:
Setting up initramfs-tools (0.122ubuntu8.8) ... update-initramfs: deferring update (trigger activated) cp: cannot create regular file '/cdrom/casper/initrd.gz.new': No such file or directory dpkg: error processing package initramfs-tools (--configure): subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1
This looks like the important part from the logs:
Setting up initramfs-tools (0.122ubuntu8.8) ... casper/ initrd. gz.new' : No such file or directory
update-initramfs: deferring update (trigger activated)
cp: cannot create regular file '/cdrom/
dpkg: error processing package initramfs-tools (--configure):
subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1