Thank you for taking the time to report this bug and helping to make Ubuntu better.
I note the following messages
Aug 12 23:47:46 ubuntu kernel: [ 356.482177] FAT-fs (nvme0n1p1): error, fat_get_cluster: invalid cluster chain (i_pos 0)
Aug 12 23:47:47 ubuntu grub-installer: grub-install: error: cannot open `/boot/efi/EFI/ubuntu/grubx64.efi': Input/output error.
I would suggest `fsck` (ie. performing a file system check) or `badblocks` of your EFI partition, or ensuring 'fastboot' is disabled in windows 10 to ensure the EFI partition is left in a clean state.
Thank you for taking the time to report this bug and helping to make Ubuntu better.
I note the following messages
Aug 12 23:47:46 ubuntu kernel: [ 356.482177] FAT-fs (nvme0n1p1): error, fat_get_cluster: invalid cluster chain (i_pos 0) efi/EFI/ ubuntu/ grubx64. efi': Input/output error.
Aug 12 23:47:47 ubuntu grub-installer: grub-install: error: cannot open `/boot/
I would suggest `fsck` (ie. performing a file system check) or `badblocks` of your EFI partition, or ensuring 'fastboot' is disabled in windows 10 to ensure the EFI partition is left in a clean state.