I was hitting this bug as well so I filed a bug report not knowing that you had already opened this one. Now I can't find my bug (maybe someone deleted it?). Anyway, on a hunch I figured that this had something to do with the NSS package. So I did the following.
The installation succeeds with no exception thrown. So I suspect that some package dependencies are screwed up such that nss was removed during a recent upgrade, even though ca-certificates-java clearly depends on it.
I was hitting this bug as well so I filed a bug report not knowing that you had already opened this one. Now I can't find my bug (maybe someone deleted it?). Anyway, on a hunch I figured that this had something to do with the NSS package. So I did the following.
$ sudo apt-get install --reinstall libnss3:i386 libnss3
Then when I reinstalled the ca-certificates packages with the following command
$ sudo apt-get install --reinstall ca-certificates ca-certificates -java
The installation succeeds with no exception thrown. So I suspect that some package dependencies are screwed up such that nss was removed during a recent upgrade, even though ca-certificates -java clearly depends on it.