Comment 1 for bug 602246

When you get compilation errors like this, always look up at the very first error — that's the one that will tell you what's going on. :-) In this case, it says:

extensions/_libastro.c:3:20: fel: Python.h: File not found

That just means that you don't have a Python development environment installed. The way your system is set up, therefore, won't allow any Python modules to be compiled; this isn't a problem specifically with PyEphem.

You just need to install the Python development tools. I'd tell you how, but you didn't say what operating system you're using. On Debian and Ubuntu systems, you'll just need to install the package named something like "python-dev". Try it out and let me know if it works!