Then reinstalled the lirc-modules-source to compile the lirc modules from source. After that I could install the modules with modprobe. I restarted lirc and everything works now. It seems like the precompiled lirc modules have some problem. Compiling from source seems to fix the problem.
I used dkms to uninstall and remove the lirc modules:
sudo dkms uninstall -m lirc -v 0.8.3~pre1
sudo dkms remove -m lirc -v 0.8.3~pre1 --all
Then reinstalled the lirc-modules-source to compile the lirc modules from source. After that I could install the modules with modprobe. I restarted lirc and everything works now. It seems like the precompiled lirc modules have some problem. Compiling from source seems to fix the problem.