In a three node cluster, I can also make two nodes to fail applying the ALTER with the following error:
Creating index 'PRIMARY' required more than 'innodb_online_alter_log_max_size' bytes of modification log. Please try again.
So, from three nodes two failed adding the column. ALTER TABLE is not cluster-wide transactional at all. And there could be possible more error to trigger the problem.
In a three node cluster, I can also make two nodes to fail applying the ALTER with the following error:
Creating index 'PRIMARY' required more than 'innodb_ online_ alter_log_ max_size' bytes of modification log. Please try again.
So, from three nodes two failed adding the column. ALTER TABLE is not cluster-wide transactional at all. And there could be possible more error to trigger the problem.