$ md5sum /lib/firmware/rtlwifi/rtl8192cfw.bin
fd118c183ad9e11060a6e575b472280e  /lib/firmware/rtlwifi/rtl8192cfw.bin

Saw this and also noticed that I had another file (same name, but with .bin.bak extension) that matched the md5sum @Larry posted, so I swapped them around and ran 

$ sudo rmmod rtl8192ce
$ sudo modprobe rtl8192ce

No noticeable difference, however. Here's the output from syslog, filtered on the Reason 6 deassociations:

Nov 20 09:49:35 <redacted> wpa_supplicant[1165]: wlan0: CTRL-EVENT-DISCONNECTED bssid=00:46:9a:02:17:01 reason=6
Nov 20 09:49:45 <redacted> kernel: [ 1072.963826] wlan0: deauthenticated from 00:46:9a:02:17:01 (Reason: 6)
Nov 20 09:49:45 <redacted> wpa_supplicant[1165]: wlan0: CTRL-EVENT-DISCONNECTED bssid=00:46:9a:02:17:01 reason=6
Nov 20 09:49:54 <redacted> kernel: [ 1081.877888] wlan0: deauthenticated from 00:46:9a:02:17:01 (Reason: 6)
Nov 20 09:49:54 <redacted> wpa_supplicant[1165]: wlan0: CTRL-EVENT-DISCONNECTED bssid=00:46:9a:02:17:01 reason=6
Nov 20 09:50:17 <redacted> kernel: [ 1105.164543] wlan0: deauthenticated from 00:46:9a:02:17:01 (Reason: 6)
Nov 20 09:50:17 <redacted> wpa_supplicant[1165]: wlan0: CTRL-EVENT-DISCONNECTED bssid=00:46:9a:02:17:01 reason=6
Nov 20 09:50:26 <redacted> kernel: [ 1114.050513] wlan0: deauthenticated from 00:46:9a:02:17:01 (Reason: 6)
Nov 20 09:50:26 <redacted> wpa_supplicant[1165]: wlan0: CTRL-EVENT-DISCONNECTED bssid=00:46:9a:02:17:01 reason=6
Nov 20 09:50:35 <redacted> kernel: [ 1122.749766] wlan0: deauthenticated from 00:46:9a:02:17:01 (Reason: 6)
Nov 20 09:50:35 <redacted> wpa_supplicant[1165]: wlan0: CTRL-EVENT-DISCONNECTED bssid=00:46:9a:02:17:01 reason=6
Nov 20 09:50:53 <redacted> kernel: [ 1140.669823] wlan0: deauthenticated from 00:46:9a:02:17:01 (Reason: 6)
Nov 20 09:50:53 <redacted> wpa_supplicant[1165]: wlan0: CTRL-EVENT-DISCONNECTED bssid=00:46:9a:02:17:01 reason=6
Nov 20 09:51:12 <redacted> kernel: [ 1159.897681] wlan0: deauthenticated from 00:46:9a:02:17:01 (Reason: 6)
Nov 20 09:51:12 <redacted> wpa_supplicant[1165]: wlan0: CTRL-EVENT-DISCONNECTED bssid=00:46:9a:02:17:01 reason=6
Nov 20 09:52:12 <redacted> kernel: [ 1219.900061] wlan0: deauthenticated from 00:46:9a:02:17:01 (Reason: 6)
Nov 20 09:52:12 <redacted> wpa_supplicant[1165]: wlan0: CTRL-EVENT-DISCONNECTED bssid=00:46:9a:02:17:01 reason=6
Nov 20 09:52:46 <redacted> kernel: [ 1254.185542] wlan0: deauthenticated from 00:46:9a:02:17:01 (Reason: 6)
Nov 20 09:52:46 <redacted> wpa_supplicant[1165]: wlan0: CTRL-EVENT-DISCONNECTED bssid=00:46:9a:02:17:01 reason=6
Nov 20 09:53:24 <redacted> kernel: [ 1292.437548] wlan0: deauthenticated from 00:46:9a:02:17:01 (Reason: 6)
Nov 20 09:53:24 <redacted> wpa_supplicant[1165]: wlan0: CTRL-EVENT-DISCONNECTED bssid=00:46:9a:02:17:01 reason=6
Nov 20 09:53:41 <redacted> kernel: [ 1309.370754] wlan0: deauthenticated from 00:46:9a:02:17:01 (Reason: 6)
Nov 20 09:53:41 <redacted> wpa_supplicant[1165]: wlan0: CTRL-EVENT-DISCONNECTED bssid=00:46:9a:02:17:01 reason=6
Nov 20 09:53:48 <redacted> kernel: [ 1316.014818] wlan0: deauthenticated from 00:46:9a:02:17:01 (Reason: 6)
Nov 20 09:53:48 <redacted> wpa_supplicant[1165]: wlan0: CTRL-EVENT-DISCONNECTED bssid=00:46:9a:02:17:01 reason=6
Nov 20 09:53:53 <redacted> kernel: [ 1320.938189] wlan0: deauthenticated from 00:46:9a:02:17:01 (Reason: 6)
Nov 20 09:53:53 <redacted> wpa_supplicant[1165]: wlan0: CTRL-EVENT-DISCONNECTED bssid=00:46:9a:02:17:01 reason=6
Nov 20 09:54:00 <redacted> kernel: [ 1328.013358] wlan0: deauthenticated from 00:46:9a:02:17:01 (Reason: 6)
Nov 20 09:54:00 <redacted> wpa_supplicant[1165]: wlan0: CTRL-EVENT-DISCONNECTED bssid=00:46:9a:02:17:01 reason=6
Nov 20 09:54:07 <redacted> kernel: [ 1335.240238] wlan0: deauthenticated from 00:46:9a:02:17:01 (Reason: 6)
Nov 20 09:54:07 <redacted> wpa_supplicant[1165]: wlan0: CTRL-EVENT-DISCONNECTED bssid=00:46:9a:02:17:01 reason=6
Nov 20 09:54:13 <redacted> kernel: [ 1341.306472] wlan0: deauthenticated from 00:46:9a:02:17:01 (Reason: 6)
Nov 20 09:54:13 <redacted> wpa_supplicant[1165]: wlan0: CTRL-EVENT-DISCONNECTED bssid=00:46:9a:02:17:01 reason=6
Nov 20 09:54:27 <redacted> kernel: [ 1354.853285] wlan0: deauthenticated from 00:46:9a:02:17:01 (Reason: 6)
Nov 20 09:54:27 <redacted> wpa_supplicant[1165]: wlan0: CTRL-EVENT-DISCONNECTED bssid=00:46:9a:02:17:01 reason=6
Nov 20 09:54:45 <redacted> kernel: [ 1373.149678] wlan0: deauthenticated from 00:46:9a:02:17:01 (Reason: 6)
Nov 20 09:54:45 <redacted> wpa_supplicant[1165]: wlan0: CTRL-EVENT-DISCONNECTED bssid=00:46:9a:02:17:01 reason=6
Nov 20 09:55:25 <redacted> kernel: [ 1413.420701] wlan0: deauthenticated from 00:46:9a:02:17:01 (Reason: 6)
Nov 20 09:55:25 <redacted> wpa_supplicant[1165]: wlan0: CTRL-EVENT-DISCONNECTED bssid=00:46:9a:02:17:01 reason=6
Nov 20 09:55:34 <redacted> kernel: [ 1422.217230] wlan0: deauthenticated from 00:46:9a:02:17:01 (Reason: 6)
Nov 20 09:55:34 <redacted> wpa_supplicant[1165]: wlan0: CTRL-EVENT-DISCONNECTED bssid=00:46:9a:02:17:01 reason=6
Nov 20 09:55:43 <redacted> kernel: [ 1430.594009] wlan0: deauthenticated from 00:46:9a:02:17:01 (Reason: 6)
Nov 20 09:55:43 <redacted> wpa_supplicant[1165]: wlan0: CTRL-EVENT-DISCONNECTED bssid=00:46:9a:02:17:01 reason=6

As you can see, the deauthentication still happens on a very regular basis. The wireless connection is usable, but because of the packet loss that results from the continual disconnects, it's incredibly slow. I'm sitting here right next to the router and showing full signal strength.

Here's iwconfig:

wlan0     IEEE 802.11bgn  ESSID:"<redacted>"  
          Mode:Managed  Frequency:2.417 GHz  Access Point: 00:46:9A:02:17:01   
          Bit Rate=18 Mb/s   Tx-Power=20 dBm   
          Retry  long limit:7   RTS thr=2347 B   Fragment thr:off
          Power Management:off
          Link Quality=70/70  Signal level=-39 dBm  
          Rx invalid nwid:0  Rx invalid crypt:0  Rx invalid frag:0
          Tx excessive retries:0  Invalid misc:87   Missed beacon:0

Here's cat /etc/modprobe.d/rtl8192ce.conf:

options rtl8192ce ips=0 fwlps=0

Here's the full md5sum list from the rtlwifi firmware:

3aed09e6385aff0f3809a3949f6c3b64  ./rtl8188efw.bin
748944fbffd3b08b5b1929bb6c7fc537  ./rtl8192cfw.bin
fd118c183ad9e11060a6e575b472280e  ./rtl8192cfw.fd11
dd371739aa401ea1d615436b24598bc4  ./rtl8192cfwU_B.b
660d5d7e1e1fd985261fb20b2ac283f6  ./rtl8192cfwU.bin
943e9b714a926e630b8152d7aad91d2e  ./rtl8192cufw.bin
7a3b61dbd72e0efb22f892ece8020994  ./rtl8192defw_12.
01c66e417fc8dbed78a9edefcd802d9b  ./rtl8192defw.bin
2faf6915a0bbb5d15d3bd43618f5347c  ./rtl8192sefw.bin
bccf9bf2276621770f101a60736b4004  ./rtl8192sefw.old
200fd952db3cc9259b1fd05e3e51966f  ./rtl8712u.bin
ce50dfe07dbb1bfe9e14bdb315a4b28a  ./rtl8723fw_B.bin
69ccaffbe94cc0ef1b89c25290e19b2e  ./rtl8723fw.bin

Is there anything else I can provide?