From the logs - looks like btrfs isn't happy; there are also some media errors - but those look like they are from the live cd you're using

[   29.774376] kernel BUG at /build/buildd/linux-2.6.38/fs/btrfs/tree-log.c:820!
[   29.774392] invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] SMP 
[   29.774405] last sysfs file: /sys/devices/virtual/bdi/btrfs-1/uevent
[   29.774418] CPU 6 
[   29.774424] Modules linked in: dm_raid45 xor btrfs zlib_deflate libcrc32c nouveau ttm drm_kms_helper drm usb_storage usbhid hid uas i2c_algo_bit ahci tg3 libahci video
[   29.774449] 
[   29.774451] Pid: 391, comm: exe Not tainted 2.6.38-8-generic #42-Ubuntu LENOVO 20035                           /Base Board Product Name
[   29.774463] RIP: 0010:[<ffffffffa0209645>]  [<ffffffffa0209645>] add_inode_ref+0x465/0x480 [btrfs]
[   29.774480] RSP: 0018:ffff88013506d898  EFLAGS: 00010246
[   29.774484] RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: 0000000000000002 RCX: 00000000ffff9659
[   29.774489] RDX: ffffffff81a2b680 RSI: ffffffffa01d6390 RDI: 0000000000000286
[   29.774495] RBP: ffff88013506d958 R08: ffff8800bf59b9b0 R09: 01315b51400c0000
[   29.774500] R10: feb0a4fb16c85003 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: 0000000000000097
[   29.774505] R13: ffff88013506db18 R14: ffff8801314a2550 R15: 000000000000000c
[   29.774510] FS:  00007f915feb0720(0000) GS:ffff8800bf580000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
[   29.774516] CS:  0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 000000008005003b
[   29.774520] CR2: 00007f384954aff1 CR3: 0000000136136000 CR4: 00000000000006e0
[   29.774525] DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000
[   29.774530] DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000ffff0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400
[   29.774535] Process exe (pid: 391, threadinfo ffff88013506c000, task ffff880136608000)
[   29.774540] Stack:
[   29.774543]  ffff880131438030 0000000000020000 0000000000000000 0000000200000000
[   29.774550]  0000000000000000 ffff8801314a2550 0000000000000000 0000000000000000
[   29.774558]  ffff8801314a4000 ffff8801314a2550 ffff88013506d938 ffff8801315b4d00
[   29.774565] Call Trace:
[   29.774575]  [<ffffffffa01f9812>] ? read_extent_buffer+0xe2/0x1e0 [btrfs]
[   29.774585]  [<ffffffffa020b60e>] replay_one_buffer+0x27e/0x330 [btrfs]
[   29.774596]  [<ffffffffa01f88ba>] ? alloc_extent_buffer+0x7a/0x420 [btrfs]
[   29.774606]  [<ffffffffa020a139>] walk_down_log_tree+0x339/0x480 [btrfs]
[   29.774616]  [<ffffffffa020a375>] walk_log_tree+0xf5/0x230 [btrfs]
[   29.774626]  [<ffffffffa020d1c1>] btrfs_recover_log_trees+0x221/0x310 [btrfs]
[   29.774636]  [<ffffffffa020b390>] ? replay_one_buffer+0x0/0x330 [btrfs]
[   29.774646]  [<ffffffffa01cf353>] ? btree_read_extent_buffer_pages.clone.63+0x73/0xb0 [btrfs]
[   29.774657]  [<ffffffffa01d2f8e>] open_ctree+0x125e/0x15c0 [btrfs]
[   29.774665]  [<ffffffff812e5404>] ? snprintf+0x34/0x40
[   29.774671]  [<ffffffffa01b1e18>] btrfs_fill_super.clone.9+0x78/0x130 [btrfs]
[   29.774679]  [<ffffffff811cc2f4>] ? disk_name+0x64/0xc0
[   29.774684]  [<ffffffff812e1fe7>] ? strlcpy+0x47/0x60
[   29.774691]  [<ffffffffa01b2223>] btrfs_mount+0x353/0x400 [btrfs]
[   29.774697]  [<ffffffff8112b5a0>] ? __alloc_percpu+0x10/0x20
[   29.774703]  [<ffffffff81182e47>] ? alloc_vfsmnt+0xd7/0x1b0
[   29.774709]  [<ffffffff8116745d>] vfs_kern_mount+0x8d/0x280
[   29.774714]  [<ffffffff811676c4>] do_kern_mount+0x54/0x110
[   29.774719]  [<ffffffff81184c8a>] do_mount+0x1ea/0x230
[   29.774724]  [<ffffffff811850b0>] sys_mount+0x90/0xe0
[   29.774730]  [<ffffffff8100c002>] system_call_fastpath+0x16/0x1b
[   29.774734] Code: f7 e0 48 8b bd 78 ff ff ff e8 48 53 f7 e0 31 c0 48 81 c4 98 00 00 00 5b 41 5c 41 5d 41 5e 41 5f c9 c3 b8 fe ff ff ff eb e7 0f 0b <0f> 0b 0f 0b 0f 0b 0f 0b 0f 0b 0f 0b 66 66 66 66 66 66 2e 0f 1f 
[   29.775530] RIP  [<ffffffffa0209645>] add_inode_ref+0x465/0x480 [btrfs]
[   29.775956]  RSP <ffff88013506d898>
[   29.778822] ---[ end trace 5c025097ec024d86 ]---