Ubuntu 20.04 HDMI connected, no boot
Affects | Status | Importance | Assigned to | Milestone | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
linux (Ubuntu) |
Confirmed
|
Undecided
|
Unassigned |
Bug Description
I have installed Ubuntu 20.04 (using the image created on 20 april) on my Dell XPS15 9560. This laptop has a Intel / nVidia combo.
The problem i am facing is that when i have an external monitor connected to the laptop through the HDMI connector of the laptop, Ubuntu does not boot and hangs on the splash screen. I have not found any way to get logging on any kind.
Before i was running Ubuntu 18.04 and did not have any problems with the monitor and HDMI cable. After boot is finished (without monitor connected) inserting the HDMI cable works fine and i can use the monitor and laptop screen without any problem.
I have installed the preferred nVida proprietary driver. Also it does not matter if booting with nVidia selected or Intel selected.
affects: | launchpad → ubuntu |
Chris Guiver (guiverc) wrote : | #1 |
Menno van G (mgrinsven) wrote : | #2 |
apport-collect 1874194 is not really effective since this problem happens before ubuntu is even booted up. Like i mentioned ubuntu is stuck at the splash screen only showing a spinning circle and the ubuntu logo.
Launchpad Janitor (janitor) wrote : | #3 |
Status changed to 'Confirmed' because the bug affects multiple users.
Changed in ubuntu: | |
status: | New → Confirmed |
Nicolas Sosa (nico77-3) wrote : | #4 |
Hello, the same bug affects me. Running ubuntu 20.04, updated, in a lenovo x270 laptop, without nvidia gpu, just the internal intel.
Diego (diegom-marchesin) wrote : | #5 |
Same bug here...
Running 20.04, fresh install in a Lenovo Y530 with nvidia gpu...
Menno van G (mgrinsven) wrote : | #6 |
I wish i could add some more info regarding this problem. @guiverc apport-collect 1874194 just says No additional information collected.
If anyone from the Ubuntu team needs more information and can tell me how to provide them, i am more than happy to provide the needed information.
Marcos Grandi (mbgrandi) wrote : | #7 |
Hello,
Same bug affects me, I'm running 20.04 on a Lenovo E580. Intel drivers, no nvdia gpu.
I have a usb-c dock, hdmi is connected to the dock and usb-c cable from dock to laptop. Lenovo E580 has only one usb-c port, so the only way to boot is startup on battery, after the login I can plug the dock in and Ubuntu detects the monitor and other dock ports normally.
Thanks.
Jan Zeleny (zelenyjan) wrote : | #8 |
same here... fresh install 20.04... ThinkPad L390
Nick Fuduley (fuduley-2) wrote : | #9 |
Hey!
Same here, laptop Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Carbon 7th gen. If hdmi is connected, boot freezes on ubuntu splash screen and only hard reset helps.
affects: | ubuntu → linux (Ubuntu) |
tags: | added: kernel-graphics kernel-graphics-hdmi |
Changed in linux (Ubuntu): | |
status: | Confirmed → New |
Ubuntu Kernel Bot (ubuntu-kernel-bot) wrote : Missing required logs. | #10 |
This bug is missing log files that will aid in diagnosing the problem. While running an Ubuntu kernel (not a mainline or third-party kernel) please enter the following command in a terminal window:
apport-collect 1874194
and then change the status of the bug to 'Confirmed'.
If, due to the nature of the issue you have encountered, you are unable to run this command, please add a comment stating that fact and change the bug status to 'Confirmed'.
This change has been made by an automated script, maintained by the Ubuntu Kernel Team.
Changed in linux (Ubuntu): | |
status: | New → Incomplete |
tags: | added: focal |
Marcos Grandi (mbgrandi) wrote : | #11 |
Hi, there is no way to run apport-collect, the issue prevents the machine to boot.
I have installed Pop OS which is based on Ubuntu 20.04, it has no issues with a hdmi monitor connected during boot.
So I'll be on Pop from now on, a bit work to move all files and apps, but I guess it is worth it.
Changed in linux (Ubuntu): | |
status: | Incomplete → Confirmed |
Anton (truthzp) wrote : | #12 |
Hello.
I have the same problem, laptop Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Carbon 6th gen.
I have a dock station external monitor connected via VGA. Until external monitor is enabled boot freezes on Ubuntu splash screen and only hard reset helps.
Anton (truthzp) wrote : | #13 |
Find a solution. Clean installation of Ubuntu 20.04 works with Linux kernel 5.4.0.26, after 'apt upgrade' kernel will be upgraded to v5.4.0.29. But both versions are hanging while boot up (if external monitor is connected).
I've installed Linux kernel 5.6.11 (the latest currently) and problem gone away. You can use this tool to upgrade your kernel - https:/
Max Barth (groschenfall) wrote : | #14 |
Same here on Acer Nitro BE with intel + Nvidia Graphics
Mesa Intel® HD Graphics 530 (SKL GT2)
NVIDIA Corporation GM107M [GeForce GTX 960M] (rev a2)
tags: | added: apport-collected |
Max Barth (groschenfall) wrote : apport information | #15 |
ProblemType: Bug
ApportVersion: 2.20.11-0ubuntu27
Architecture: amd64
AudioDevicesInUse:
USER PID ACCESS COMMAND
/dev/snd/
CasperMD5CheckR
CurrentDesktop: ubuntu:GNOME
DistroRelease: Ubuntu 20.04
InstallationDate: Installed on 2020-04-30 (14 days ago)
InstallationMedia: Ubuntu 20.04 LTS "Focal Fossa" - Release amd64 (20200423)
MachineType: Acer Aspire VN7-592G
Package: linux (not installed)
ProcEnviron:
TERM=xterm-
PATH=(custom, no user)
XDG_RUNTIME_
LANG=de_DE.UTF-8
SHELL=/bin/bash
ProcFB: 0 i915drmfb
ProcKernelCmdLine: BOOT_IMAGE=
ProcVersionSign
RelatedPackageV
linux-
linux-
linux-firmware 1.187
Tags: focal
Uname: Linux 5.4.0-29-generic x86_64
UpgradeStatus: No upgrade log present (probably fresh install)
UserGroups: adm cdrom dip lpadmin lxd plugdev sambashare sudo
_MarkForUpload: True
dmi.bios.date: 10/06/2016
dmi.bios.vendor: Insyde Corp.
dmi.bios.version: V1.12
dmi.board.name: Aspire VN7-592G
dmi.board.vendor: Acer
dmi.board.version: V1.12
dmi.chassis.type: 10
dmi.chassis.vendor: Acer
dmi.chassis.
dmi.modalias: dmi:bvnInsydeCo
dmi.product.family: SKL
dmi.product.name: Aspire VN7-592G
dmi.product.sku: Aspire VN7-592G_1039_1.12
dmi.product.
dmi.sys.vendor: Acer
Max Barth (groschenfall) wrote : AlsaInfo.txt | #16 |
Max Barth (groschenfall) wrote : CRDA.txt | #17 |
Max Barth (groschenfall) wrote : CurrentDmesg.txt | #18 |
Max Barth (groschenfall) wrote : IwConfig.txt | #19 |
Max Barth (groschenfall) wrote : Lspci.txt | #20 |
Max Barth (groschenfall) wrote : Lspci-vt.txt | #21 |
Max Barth (groschenfall) wrote : Lsusb.txt | #22 |
Max Barth (groschenfall) wrote : Lsusb-t.txt | #23 |
Max Barth (groschenfall) wrote : Lsusb-v.txt | #24 |
Max Barth (groschenfall) wrote : ProcCpuinfo.txt | #25 |
Max Barth (groschenfall) wrote : ProcCpuinfoMinimal.txt | #26 |
Max Barth (groschenfall) wrote : ProcInterrupts.txt | #27 |
Max Barth (groschenfall) wrote : ProcModules.txt | #28 |
Max Barth (groschenfall) wrote : PulseList.txt | #29 |
Max Barth (groschenfall) wrote : RfKill.txt | #30 |
Max Barth (groschenfall) wrote : UdevDb.txt | #31 |
Max Barth (groschenfall) wrote : WifiSyslog.txt | #32 |
Kai-Heng Feng (kaihengfeng) wrote : | #33 |
Please test latest drm-tip kernel:
https:/
Changed in linux (Ubuntu): | |
status: | Confirmed → Incomplete |
Cristiano (cristiano-moraes) wrote : apport information | #34 |
ProblemType: Bug
ApportVersion: 2.20.11-0ubuntu27
Architecture: amd64
AudioDevicesInUse:
USER PID ACCESS COMMAND
/dev/snd/
/dev/snd/
CasperMD5CheckR
CurrentDesktop: ubuntu:GNOME
DistroRelease: Ubuntu 20.04
InstallationDate: Installed on 2018-08-23 (642 days ago)
InstallationMedia: Ubuntu 18.04.1 LTS "Bionic Beaver" - Release amd64 (20180725)
MachineType: LENOVO SharkBay
Package: linux (not installed)
ProcFB: 0 i915drmfb
ProcKernelCmdLine: BOOT_IMAGE=
ProcVersionSign
RelatedPackageV
linux-
linux-
linux-firmware 1.187
Tags: focal
Uname: Linux 5.4.0-31-generic x86_64
UpgradeStatus: Upgraded to focal on 2020-04-27 (30 days ago)
UserGroups: adm cdrom dip docker lpadmin plugdev sambashare sudo
_MarkForUpload: True
dmi.bios.date: 12/31/2013
dmi.bios.vendor: LENOVO
dmi.bios.version: 8ACN32WW
dmi.board.
dmi.board.name: INVALID
dmi.board.vendor: LENOVO
dmi.board.version: K0E50510PRO
dmi.chassis.
dmi.chassis.type: 10
dmi.chassis.vendor: LENOVO
dmi.chassis.
dmi.modalias: dmi:bvnLENOVO:
dmi.product.family: IDEAPAD
dmi.product.name: SharkBay
dmi.product.sku: LENOVO_BI_IDEAPAD8A
dmi.product.
dmi.sys.vendor: LENOVO
Cristiano (cristiano-moraes) wrote : AlsaInfo.txt | #35 |
Cristiano (cristiano-moraes) wrote : CRDA.txt | #36 |
Cristiano (cristiano-moraes) wrote : CurrentDmesg.txt | #37 |
Cristiano (cristiano-moraes) wrote : IwConfig.txt | #38 |
Cristiano (cristiano-moraes) wrote : Lspci.txt | #39 |
Cristiano (cristiano-moraes) wrote : Lspci-vt.txt | #40 |
25 comments hidden Loading more comments | view all 105 comments |
M (shongololo) wrote : ProcCpuinfoMinimal.txt | #66 |
M (shongololo) wrote : ProcEnviron.txt | #67 |
M (shongololo) wrote : ProcInterrupts.txt | #68 |
M (shongololo) wrote : ProcModules.txt | #69 |
M (shongololo) wrote : PulseList.txt | #70 |
M (shongololo) wrote : RfKill.txt | #71 |
M (shongololo) wrote : UdevDb.txt | #72 |
M (shongololo) wrote : WifiSyslog.txt | #73 |
Luca Palermo (lupa50) wrote : | #74 |
This has effected me as well.
I have a Lenovo X1 Carbon with Nvidia GTX 1650. New Ubuntu 20.04 install.
When I boot up, the built-in screen does not work and it hangs with the Lenovo and Ubuntu logo.
When I boot up with an external monitor via HDMI, it boots up BUT build-in screen does not work.
If I use the Inter Drivers (radio button in the NVIDIA X Server app) it will boot with the built-in screen working BUT not HDMI / DP working.
Kai-Heng Feng (kaihengfeng) wrote : | #75 |
Does remove "quiet splash" from kernel parameter help?
Michał Derlatka (michal-derlatka1) wrote : | #76 |
After removing "quiet splash" it works both on 5.6.11 and 5.4.0.33
MJS (martyn-shiner) wrote : | #77 |
Confirmed as per suggestion in #75 - system boots to login no problem when quiet-splash is disabled on Lenovo x260 (intel graphics) Kernel 5.4.0-31-generic.
If I return to default (quiet-splash enabled) system hangs on splash screen.
Thanks
yihang (yihang) wrote : | #78 |
Same problem with me Dell E5570
Changed in linux (Ubuntu): | |
status: | Incomplete → Confirmed |
Simon Berton (simonberton) wrote : | #79 |
Hi same problem here.
Lenovo Thinkpad P53S
Ubuntu 20.04.
If I connect the HDMI, keeps loading and loading
If I don't connect it, it works perfect.
Problem appeared in 20, was perfect in 18 and 19.
Thanks!!!
Max Barth (groschenfall) wrote : | #80 |
I can confirm that booting without "quiet splash" in the grub config eliminates the problem.
Thorsten (thorstenh) wrote : | #81 |
My Lenovo T440p (with optimus - i915, nouveau) running 20.04 (Kernel 5.4.0-33) is also affected.
If I connect an external monitor (Dell U2515H) to it via Displayport it freezes at boot.
As workaround I switched from GDM to LightDM. With LightDM it boots straight to the login screen.
Sam Osborn (samosborn) wrote : | #82 |
This bug also affected me after upgrading to Ubuntu 20.04.
Changing the grub boot options in `/etc/default/grub` to remove "quiet splash" fixed the problem with having an external HDMI monitor plugged in on boot. The new cmdline opts variable is just empty now:
GRUB_CMDLINE_
REnato SAntos (renajowsub) wrote : | #83 |
Hi,
I faced the same issue.
After upgraded from 18.4 to 20.4, with integrated Intel graphics, my second monitor stop working.
I dont have nVidia video card.
Thanks!
Diego González (diegonz) wrote : | #84 |
Same error here using a Lenovo Yoga X1 3rd with fully updated Ubuntu 20.04 (focal).
Removing "quiet splash" seems to work and also observed (when I was trying to debug this) that pressing Esc key to avoid splash screen and see the boot logs workarounds this annoying bug too.
Seems some kind of problem with plymouth (if it's still the tool which handles the splash screen) or something related, but I don't have time to debug the boot process in more depth.
Fabio Prates Rocha (fprates) wrote : | #85 |
Same error with me. Lenovo Thinkpad Yoga X380 with Ubuntu 20.04. I installed ubuntu on today's date and realized this flaw.
Walter Ignacio Miranda Salazar (goyosito) wrote : | #86 |
Same error with me. Lenovo Ideapad with Ubuntu 20.04. I installed ubuntu a few weeks ago but I can't connect a second monitor or TV with the HDMI cable.
Sergey (s-zakatov) wrote : | #87 |
Same problem on Lenovo T480.
Laptop wont boot when monitors are connected (I have 1 monitor over hdmi and 1 monitor over usbc-hdmi adapter). When i disconnect external monitors then everything works.
Also same problem for Log out/Switch user. It cannot open login screen and freezes on loading.
Dominik Derwiński (3-dominik) wrote : | #88 |
Lenovo Legion 5 15ARH05 with Ryzen 7 4800H, Radeon graphics disabled in BIOS, NVIDIA GTX 1650, Mint 20, kernel 5.4.0-48-generic.
Doesn't boot with HDMI plugged in, when plugged later it works normally. Removing quiet splash or adding nomodeset xforcevesa doesn't change anything.
cedejic (cedejic) wrote : | #89 |
Same problem with 20.04.1 LTS on Dell G3 3590.
Cannot log in, but if I plug in HDMI cable AFTER logging in - it works.
Until next restart, when I need to repeat the whole procedure again.
VS (sgvic) wrote : | #90 |
Same problem with Ubunt 20.04.1 LTS, HP elitebook PC && DELL external monitor.
Rob Frohne (frohro) wrote : | #91 |
This bug also affects me with a fresh install of Ubuntu 20.10 beta. The kernel is 5.8.0-20-generic. If I hit esc when it is stuck on booting, I can see it is waiting. The boot message is too cryptic for me, but maybe someone else has an idea. I'm using a Lenovo too (Yoga 260). Here is a photo of the boot messages. https:/
Rob Frohne (frohro) wrote : | #92 |
I can confirm that in 20.10 removing "quiet splash" allows it to boot, and for me that is better anyway.
TOXIC (toxicpublic) wrote : | #93 |
I can also confirm, removing "quiet splash" from boot command also fixes the issue present on mu HP EliteBook 830G5
Neil (nblack333) wrote : | #94 |
Same bug affects me, I'm running 20.04 on an Asus Zenbook and can confirm that removing "quiet splash" DOES NOT resolve the boot issue.
Andrew Osetrov (oabstrov) wrote : | #95 |
I have last Ubuntu 20.10 on an DEXP Atlas H158 ( Core i7 6700HQ, Nvidia GeForce 940M + Intel HD 530). And removing "quiet splash" does not help me with that bug. Have to remove HDMI cable from my notebook before every boot.
Andrew Osetrov (oabstrov) wrote : | #96 |
Have made some tests. And have found that this bug does not exists with ViewSonic VP191s monitor connected to HDMI. If I connect AOC Style U2879VF to HDMI, then my notebook stay with black screen and can't boot.
Else if I connect both monitors (ViewSonic to VGA SUB, AOC to HDMI), the notebook boot ok.
Does this mean the problem is in a monitor, not in Ubuntu?
Andrew Osetrov (oabstrov) wrote : | #97 |
I did it! I have connected AOC both with HDMI and D-SUB VGA cables. Monitor AOC has PIP (picture in picture) option. So, my notebook think that two monitors are connected. And boots ok!
Fernando (nanuk666) wrote : | #98 |
Same bug, Acer Aspire V-Nitro vn7-792G-79LX intel + Nvidia Graphics
김종호 (vingorius) wrote : | #99 |
Same Bug LG Gram intel i5.
Removing "quite splash" not work for me.
Upgrading kernel to 5.8.18-
tonnoz (tonnoz) wrote : | #100 |
Similar issue here with Dell Precision 5550 and Dell monitor U2520D, but using thunderbolt port/cable. Also for me it freeze before the splash screen, after half a second Grub shows the menu. Tried to remove quiet splash, nomodeset and also terminalmode. Also tried to disable the thunderbolt 3 from the Bios, no use.
Carlos Augusto França Schettini (guto.schettini) wrote : | #101 |
The same issue.
Notebook Asus K501 with Nvidia card and LG external monitor. It works better with the Video Noveau driver than Nvidia 460 (when scaling the monitors, but this I another issue). The build-in monitor is 4k and the external one is 2k resolution.
Everytime I need to reboot I need to unplug the HDMI, else the boot fails.
What I think curious is that the systems gives the preference to the secondary monitor instead the build-in, showing the GRUB or the logig after suspend.
I recently migrate from Windows 10 to Ubuntu-Mate... I learned how to 'survive' this annoying behavior, but would appreciate very much any help to fix.
Kevin Blicharski (exrandr123) wrote : | #102 |
Same issue. Ubuntu 20.04 on a Lenovo P50. Recently upgraded from 18.04 to 20.04 and would have thought this would make my system more stable, not less.
Senthil Gurusamy (senthil-gurusamy) wrote : | #103 |
Hi,
I had also same problem (after update to Ubuntu 20.04, had only blank screen on my monitor), but recently found a 'solution' accidentally! MAYBE, it is the same problem like mine!
My monitor is being connected via 'D-Sub' and 'HDMI' cables. It seems, separate monitor instance is created in display settings ("Single Display") for each connection type and you won't see anything in the monitor if you had selected a wrong monitor instance (non-HDMI). In my case, I had selected 'D-Sub' monitor instance and 'HDMI' output didn't work or I had blank screen for HDMI input. Seems now I have selected the correct monitor instance for HDMI. So, maybe you also had the same issue that you had selected a 'non-HDMI' monitor instance!
Riccardo Manfrin (riccardomanfrin-b) wrote : | #104 |
Same issue on my Dell 5520
When I REBOOT and the HDMI 2nd monitor is connected, splash screen freezes.
_________
Specs:
Xubuntu 20.04
uname -r
5.8.0-59-generic
lspci -vvv
Graphics:
0000:00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Device 9a49 (rev 01) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller])
Subsystem: Dell Device 0a21
Control: I/O+ Mem+ BusMaster+ SpecCycle- MemWINV- VGASnoop- ParErr- Stepping- SERR- FastB2B- DisINTx+
Status: Cap+ 66MHz- UDF- FastB2B- ParErr- DEVSEL=fast >TAbort- <TAbort- <MAbort- >SERR- <PERR- INTx-
Latency: 0
Interrupt: pin A routed to IRQ 169
Region 0: Memory at 6054000000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16M]
Region 2: Memory at 4000000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M]
Region 4: I/O ports at 3000 [size=64]
Expansion ROM at 000c0000 [virtual] [disabled] [size=128K]
Capabilities: <access denied>
Kernel driver in use: i915
Kernel modules: i915
dmesg --level=err,warn
[ 1.039745] Missing case (clock == 539440)
[ 1.039795] WARNING: CPU: 3 PID: 193 at drivers/
[ 1.039828] RIP: 0010:icl_
[ 1.039829] Code: 4c 63 c2 39 cf 74 55 48 83 c2 01 48 83 fa 08 75 e5 48 63 d7 48 c7 c6 ee b5 7f c0 48 c7 c7 e3 b4 7f c0 88 45 bf e8 ab 32 5e c8 <0f> 0b 0f b6 45 bf e9 ea fe ff ff 31 d2 be 54 00 60 00 e9 9b fe ff
[ 1.039830] RSP: 0018:ffffb46080
[ 1.039830] RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: ffffa00c5795a490 RCX: 00000000000003bb
[ 1.039831] RDX: 0000000000000001 RSI: 0000000000000086 RDI: 0000000000000247
[ 1.039831] RBP: ffffb460805eb710 R08: 00000000000003bb R09: 0000000000000004
[ 1.039831] R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000001 R12: ffffa00c5795a000
[ 1.039832] R13: ffffa00c58820000 R14: ffffa00c68dea800 R15: ffffa00c5795c000
[ 1.039832] FS: 00007f60162cc88
[ 1.039833] CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
[ 1.039833] CR2: 00007fff1750bec0 CR3: 000000085902a002 CR4: 0000000000760ee0
[ 1.039833] PKRU: 55555554
[ 1.039834] Call Trace:
[ 1.039857] icl_get_
[ 1.039870] ? drm_mode_
[ 1.039877] ? drm_connector_
[ 1.039898] intel_reserve_
[ 1.039920] hsw_crtc_
[ 1.039941] intel_atomic_
[ 1.039961] ? icl_put_
[ 1.039980] intel_atomic_
[ 1.039982] ? __kmalloc_
[ 1.040004] ? intel_crtc_
[ 1.040011] drm_atomic_
[ 1.040017] drm_atomic_
[ 1.040037] intel_modeset_
[ 1.040055] i915_driver_
[ 1.040058] ? _cond_resched+
[ 1.040059] ? mutex_lock+
[ 1.040077] i915_pci_
[ 1.040080] local_pci_
[ 1.040081] pci_device_
[ 1.040083] really_
[ 1.040084] dri...
Szymon Szantula (byq77) wrote : | #105 |
Lenovo Legion 5 15IMH05
$ uname -rv
5.11.0-34-generic #36~20.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Fri Aug 27 08:06:32 UTC 2021
NVIDIA Driver Version: 470.63.01
Had the same issue for some time, until I've "fixed it" recently. The problem appeared out of nowhere after some update. Booting with attached external monitor no matter if attached to HDMI or to DP over USB-C resulted in total freeze during Ubuntu splash screen (for me worse then BSoD from the rival product, couse no feedback what's going on...).
The problem seems to be connected with Nvidia proprietary drivers. From what I remember it didn't occur when the nouveau drivers were installed. Also it only affected the "hybrid graphics" mode (the "dynamic graphics" setting in the UEFI). The "discrete graphics" mode has another issue (brightness control does not work).
What finally has fixed it for me was the purge of all nvidia packages and the driver reinstallation.
$ sudo apt-get remove --purge '^nvidia-.*'
$ su
# for FILE in $(dpkg-divert --list | grep nvidia-470 | awk '{print $3}'); do dpkg-divert --remove $FILE; done
# exit
$ sudo apt-get install -f
$ sudo apt-get autoremove
$ sudo apt-get clean
After that reboot the system and install a proprietary Nvidia driver.
I hope this helps somebody.
Thank you for taking the time to report this bug and helping to make Ubuntu better. Please execute the following command only once, as it will automatically gather debugging information, in a terminal:
apport-collect 1874194
When reporting bugs in the future please use apport by using 'ubuntu-bug' and the name of the package affected. You can learn more about this functionality at https:/ /wiki.ubuntu. com/ReportingBu gs.