The packages you provided do not install successfully. Here's the output (I've tried a couple of time and the result was the same):

sudo dpkg -i *.deb
(Reading database ... 721241 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack linux-headers-3.12.0-031200-generic_3.12.0-031200.201401211605_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking linux-headers-3.12.0-031200-generic (3.12.0-031200.201401211605) over (3.12.0-031200.201401211605) ...
Preparing to unpack linux-image-3.12.0-031200-generic_3.12.0-031200.201401211605_amd64.deb ...
Examining /etc/kernel/preinst.d/
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/preinst.d/intel-microcode 3.12.0-031200-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.12.0-031200-generic
Done.
Unpacking linux-image-3.12.0-031200-generic (3.12.0-031200.201401211605) over (3.12.0-031200.201401211605) ...
Examining /etc/kernel/postrm.d .
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postrm.d/initramfs-tools 3.12.0-031200-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.12.0-031200-generic
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postrm.d/zz-extlinux 3.12.0-031200-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.12.0-031200-generic
P: Checking for EXTLINUX directory... found.
P: Writing config for /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-5-generic...
P: Writing config for /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-4-generic...
P: Writing config for /boot/vmlinuz-3.12.0-8-generic...
P: Writing config for /boot/vmlinuz-3.12.0-031200-generic...
P: Installing debian theme... done.
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postrm.d/zz-update-grub 3.12.0-031200-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.12.0-031200-generic
dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of linux-headers-3.12.0-031200-generic:
 linux-headers-3.12.0-031200-generic depends on linux-headers-3.12.0-031200; however:
  Package linux-headers-3.12.0-031200 is not installed.

dpkg: error processing package linux-headers-3.12.0-031200-generic (--install):
 dependency problems - leaving unconfigured
Setting up linux-image-3.12.0-031200-generic (3.12.0-031200.201401211605) ...
Running depmod.
update-initramfs: deferring update (hook will be called later)
Not updating initrd symbolic links since we are being updated/reinstalled 
(3.12.0-031200.201401211605 was configured last, according to dpkg)
Not updating image symbolic links since we are being updated/reinstalled 
(3.12.0-031200.201401211605 was configured last, according to dpkg)
Examining /etc/kernel/postinst.d.
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/apt-auto-removal 3.12.0-031200-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.12.0-031200-generic
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/dkms 3.12.0-031200-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.12.0-031200-generic
Error! Could not locate dkms.conf file.
File:  does not exist.
ERROR (dkms apport): kernel package linux-headers-3.12.0-031200-generic is not supported
Error! Bad return status for module build on kernel: 3.12.0-031200-generic (x86_64)
Consult /var/lib/dkms/bbswitch/0.8/build/make.log for more information.
ERROR (dkms apport): kernel package linux-headers-3.12.0-031200-generic is not supported
Error! Bad return status for module build on kernel: 3.12.0-031200-generic (x86_64)
Consult /var/lib/dkms/nvidia-331/331.38/build/make.log for more information.
ERROR (dkms apport): kernel package linux-headers-3.12.0-031200-generic is not supported
Error! Bad return status for module build on kernel: 3.12.0-031200-generic (x86_64)
Consult /var/lib/dkms/v4l2loopback/0.8.0/build/make.log for more information.
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/initramfs-tools 3.12.0-031200-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.12.0-031200-generic
update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-3.12.0-031200-generic
/usr/share/initramfs-tools/hooks/intel_microcode: 136: /usr/share/initramfs-tools/hooks/intel_microcode: prepend_earlyinitramfs: not found
E: intel-microcode: failed to prepend early firmware to initramfs
W: intel-microcode: will try to use late initramfs update mode...
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/pm-utils 3.12.0-031200-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.12.0-031200-generic
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/update-notifier 3.12.0-031200-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.12.0-031200-generic
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/zz-extlinux 3.12.0-031200-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.12.0-031200-generic
P: Checking for EXTLINUX directory... found.
P: Writing config for /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-5-generic...
P: Writing config for /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-4-generic...
P: Writing config for /boot/vmlinuz-3.12.0-8-generic...
P: Writing config for /boot/vmlinuz-3.12.0-031200-generic...
P: Installing debian theme... done.
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/zz-update-grub 3.12.0-031200-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.12.0-031200-generic
Generating grub configuration file ...
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-5-generic
Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-5-generic
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-4-generic
Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-4-generic
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.12.0-031200-generic
Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-3.12.0-031200-generic
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.12.0-8-generic
Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-3.12.0-8-generic
Found memtest86+ image: /boot/memtest86+.elf
Found Ubuntu 12.10 (12.10) on /dev/sdb1
done
Errors were encountered while processing:
 linux-headers-3.12.0-031200-generic