Below, I tried to answer the questions the best way i could right now. 3A and 9 i will have to check later, i'm at home now. I'll mark it Confirmed again when that's done.

By the way: Many questions in that link have already been answered above, or are not so relevant to the issue as described ("Have you tried turning it off and on again" came to mind). I'd say the only worthwile information i haven't provided yet is in 3A and 9. That said:

1) What is the full computer model number (ex. HP G32-301TX Notebook PC)?

Lenovo Thinkpad Edge S430

2) If you update your BIOS to the newest version, does this change anything?

I'm not aware of any possible update to the BIOS.

3) Regarding your wireless Access Point (AP):

    A) What is the AP manufacturer, model, and firmware version?
     
I'll get back to you on that.

    B) What wireless connection type are you using (e.g. 802.11n, 802.11g, etc.)?

Only 802.11n has a problem

    C) Encryption Type (ex. WEP, WPA2-PSK TKIP/AES)?

WPA2

    D) MAC Filtering

None, anyone with password can connect.

    E) QoS/WMM

Don't know - what is it, how do i find it?

    F) Beacon Interval

Don't know - what is it, how do i find it?

    G) Router Internal Firewall

Disabled.

        a) If you change any of the settings above does it change anything? 

Haven't tried and i'm not at liberty to do so.

4) Does another wireless device tested with the AP have the same problem as the hardware you initially reported with?

Not to my knowledge.

5) What is the distance of the wireless device from AP?

About 5m.
 
6) What is the number and type of obstructions between your device and the AP?

One door.

    A) If you bring the device close to the AP and eliminate obstructions, does this change anything? 

No. 

7) Does the issue occur with different APs?

Yes. I first noticed it at the workplace, which the data in this comment is for, but recently when i was at a conference, i noticed other people could "see" an N-band network while i couldn't.  

8) Is it a regression (e.g. did the problem happen in a prior Ubuntu release)?

I don't know that.

    If so, what release specifically did it last work with?

    If you do not know, could you please test for this in the earliest release of Ubuntu that is supported as per Ubuntu Releases? 

9) Does this problem occur in the newest mainline kernel following https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Kernel/MainlineBuilds? Please mention what specific version of the mainline kernel you tested with in your report.

Yes, see the comment above where i tried that.

    If the mainline works, does the Ubuntu provided stable compat-wireless backport work following https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Kernel/LinuxWireless#Compat-wireless_in_Ubuntu? Please mention in your report the specific version you tested.

    If the mailine does not work, could you please test upstream's compat-wireless backport via https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Kernel/LinuxWireless#Compat-wireless_from_upstream? Please mention in your report the specific version you tested. 

I'll get back to you on that.

10) Does ndiswrapper work following https://help.ubuntu.com/community/WifiDocs/Driver/Ndiswrapper? Please mention what specific version of ndiswrapper you tested with, and a link to the Windows driver you used in your report.

Not using ndiswrapper.

    If ndiswrapper does not work, you are welcome to file a new bug report by executing at a terminal:

    ubuntu-bug ndiswrapper-utils-1.9 

11) For Broadcom wireless chipsets, does the Broadcom STA driver work following https://help.ubuntu.com/community/WifiDocs/Driver/bcm43xx? Please mention what specific version of Broadcom STA you tested with in your report.

It's not a Broadcom chipset (Intel).

12) For Realtek wireless chipsets, does the upstream Realtek drivers downloaded from http://www.realtek.com.tw work? Please mention what specific version of the drivers you tested with in your report. 

It's not a Realtek chipset (Intel).