I think I was wrong about the USB speed. I can't find a specific model number, but the Manufacturer seems to state USB 3.0 for all the drives I looked at. The host also identifies it as USB 3.0.

1. Redirecting USB while guest is running
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I tested of redirecting the USB drive from_
"Virtual Machine" → "Redirect USB device". Here's logs from journalctl

Oct 25 13:24:26 hostname kernel: sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Synchronizing SCSI cache
Oct 25 13:24:26 hostname udisksd[1183]: Cleaning up mount point /media/eja/2TB-1Partition (device 8:2 no longer exists)
Oct 25 13:24:26 hostname ntfs-3g[18245]: Unmounting /dev/sda2 (2TB-1Partition)
Oct 25 13:24:26 hostname ntfs-3g[18245]: Failed to sync device /dev/sda2: Input/output error
Oct 25 13:24:26 hostname kernel: print_req_error: I/O error, dev sda, sector 0
Oct 25 13:24:26 hostname ntfs-3g[18245]: Failed to close volume /dev/sda2: Input/output error
Oct 25 13:24:26 hostname kernel: sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Synchronize Cache(10) failed: Result: hostbyte=DID_ERROR driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
Oct 25 13:24:26 hostname upowerd[1473]: unhandled action 'unbind' on /sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0/usb2/2-4/2-4.2/2-4.2:1.0
Oct 25 13:24:26 hostname kernel: usb 2-4.2: reset SuperSpeed USB device number 4 using xhci_hcd
Oct 25 13:24:26 hostname upowerd[1473]: unhandled action 'bind' on /sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0/usb2/2-4/2-4.2/2-4.2:1.0
Oct 25 13:24:26 hostname upowerd[1473]: unhandled action 'unbind' on /sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0/usb2/2-4/2-4.2/2-4.2:1.0
Oct 25 13:24:26 hostname upowerd[1473]: unhandled action 'bind' on /sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0/usb2/2-4/2-4.2/2-4.2:1.0
Oct 25 13:24:27 hostname upowerd[1473]: unhandled action 'unbind' on /sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0/usb2/2-4/2-4.2/2-4.2:1.0


Reading that, I get the impression of a logical error occurring.
1. USB device disappears
2. IO error because the drive is no longer there
3. Reset of the USB device because of the error.

lsbusb --tree gives following output for the drive

/:  Bus 02.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=xhci_hcd/8p, 5000M
    |__ Port 4: Dev 2, If 0, Class=Hub, Driver=hub/4p, 5000M
        |__ Port 2: Dev 4, If 0, Class=Mass Storage, Driver=usbfs, 5000M

2. Attaching USB after guest shutdown and restart
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After this I get the same traceback as in the original description.

dmesg -h however does hint of missing privileges

[14447.800647] device vnet0 entered promiscuous mode
[14447.800796] br0: port 2(vnet0) entered blocking state
[14447.800797] br0: port 2(vnet0) entered forwarding state
[14447.800847] audit: type=1400 audit(1572001070.392:1304): apparmor="ALLOWED" operation="open" profile="/usr/sbin/sssd" name="/sys/devices/virtual/net/br0/type" pid=1196 comm="sssd" requested_mask="r" denied_mask="r" fsuid=0 ouid=0
[14447.800986] audit: type=1400 audit(1572001070.392:1305): apparmor="ALLOWED" operation="open" profile="/usr/sbin/sssd" name="/sys/devices/virtual/net/vnet0/type" pid=1196 comm="sssd" requested_mask="r" denied_mask="r" fsuid=0 ouid=0
[14447.801034] audit: type=1400 audit(1572001070.392:1306): apparmor="ALLOWED" operation="open" profile="/usr/sbin/sssd" name="/sys/devices/virtual/net/vnet0/type" pid=1196 comm="sssd" requested_mask="r" denied_mask="r" fsuid=0 ouid=0
[14447.801085] audit: type=1400 audit(1572001070.392:1307): apparmor="ALLOWED" operation="open" profile="/usr/sbin/sssd" name="/sys/devices/virtual/net/vnet0/type" pid=1196 comm="sssd" requested_mask="r" denied_mask="r" fsuid=0 ouid=0
[14447.801282] audit: type=1400 audit(1572001070.392:1308): apparmor="ALLOWED" operation="open" profile="/usr/sbin/sssd" name="/sys/devices/virtual/net/vnet0/type" pid=1196 comm="sssd" requested_mask="r" denied_mask="r" fsuid=0 ouid=0
[14447.944482] audit: type=1400 audit(1572001070.536:1309): apparmor="STATUS" operation="profile_replace" profile="unconfined" name="libvirt-ceefdf25-15b3-4f3b-8d64-9a9d287daa23" pid=19980 comm="apparmor_parser"
[14447.980409] device-mapper: core: qemu-system-x86: sending ioctl 5326 to DM device without required privilege.
[14448.102528] usb 2-4.2: reset SuperSpeed USB device number 4 using xhci_hcd