I seem to be getting a related issue on a HP EliteBook 2540p. After resuming from suspend, I frequently have no sound at all. The hardware mute button sets and unsets mute for the Gnome widget, but remains amber (it normally turns blue when unmuted). Restarting alsa and pulse-audio seems to have no effect.

From dmesg, I see the following (snipped relevent lines):
[11143.568127] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1b.0: power state changed by ACPI to D0
[11143.568132] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1b.0: power state changed by ACPI to D0
[11143.568137] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1b.0: power state changed by ACPI to D0
[11143.568141] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1b.0: power state changed by ACPI to D0
[11143.568148] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1b.0: PCI INT A -> GSI 16 (level, low) -> IRQ 16
[11143.568155] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1b.0: setting latency timer to 64
[11143.568197] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1b.0: irq 48 for MSI/MSI-X
... then ~100 lines like the following:
[11144.570346] hda-intel: spurious response 0x24:0x0, last cmd=0x1f1500
[11144.570351] hda-intel: spurious response 0x24:0x0, last cmd=0x1f1500
[11144.570354] hda-intel: spurious response 0x0:0x0, last cmd=0x1f1500
[11144.570357] hda-intel: spurious response 0x1:0x0, last cmd=0x1f1500
[11144.570360] hda-intel: spurious response 0x9:0x0, last cmd=0x1f1500
...
[11145.777815] PM: resume of drv:i915 dev:0000:00:02.0 complete after 2219.825 msecs
[11146.581485] hda-intel: azx_get_response timeout, switching to polling mode: last cmd=0x00bf0900
[11147.589043] hda-intel: No response from codec, disabling MSI: last cmd=0x00bf0900
[11148.596601] hda_intel: azx_get_response timeout, switching to single_cmd mode: last cmd=0x00bf0900
[11148.596740] azx_single_wait_for_response: 60 callbacks suppressed
[11148.597457] hda-codec: out of range cmd 0:0:1:716:ffffffff
[11148.597459] hda-codec: out of range cmd 0:0:1:717:ffffffff
[11148.604725] PM: resume of drv:snd_hda_intel dev:0000:00:1b.0 complete after 5047.794 msecs
[11148.604781] PM: resume of drv:sound dev:card0 complete after 2820.039 msecs
...
[11148.644630] PM: resume of devices complete after 5087.928 msecs
[11148.644772] PM: resume devices took 5.088 seconds
[11148.686283] PM: Finishing wakeup.
...  this next section then repeats the hda-codec messages interspersed with azx_single_wait_for_response:
[12154.260709] hda-codec: out of range cmd 0:0:1:716:ffffffff
[12154.260714] hda-codec: out of range cmd 0:0:1:717:ffffffff
[12154.267155] hda-codec: out of range cmd 0:0:1:715:ffffffff
[12154.267678] hda-codec: out of range cmd 0:0:1:716:ffffffff
[12154.267681] hda-codec: out of range cmd 0:0:1:717:ffffffff
[12154.275168] hda-codec: out of range cmd 0:0:1:715:ffffffff
[12154.275865] hda-codec: out of range cmd 0:0:1:716:ffffffff
[12154.275870] hda-codec: out of range cmd 0:0:1:717:ffffffff
[12154.283208] hda-codec: out of range cmd 0:0:1:715:fffffff7
[12154.283871] hda-codec: out of range cmd 0:0:1:716:ffffffff
[12154.283872] hda-codec: out of range cmd 0:0:1:717:ffffffff
[12154.291185] hda-codec: out of range cmd 0:0:1:715:fffffff7
[12164.376590] azx_single_wait_for_response: 8 callbacks suppressed

Only restarting seems to fix this and restore audio.

I'd be interested in fixing this if someone can offer some guidance.